Changdeokgung Palace and Its Secret Garden: A Foreigner’s Walking Guide
📋 Table of Contents
- Why does Changdeokgung feel different from other palaces?
- Why is the Royal Garden called the Secret Garden?
- How should you see Buyongji Pond and Juhamnu Pavilion?
- Why is its nature-friendly design so special?
- Where do foreign visitors usually get confused about tickets?
- Which season and route work best for a visit?
- Frequently Asked Questions
Walk through Donhwamun Gate at Changdeokgung Palace and Seoul’s busy city atmosphere starts fading surprisingly fast. Unlike a palace built to impress you with one strict central axis, the buildings and paths here gently change direction with the natural terrain. UNESCO records the Changdeokgung Palace complex as covering about 57.9 hectares, so the site is much larger than it may look at first glance. If you visit only the main palace halls and leave, you may miss nearly half of what makes this place special.
The atmosphere changes even more once you enter the Royal Garden behind the palace. Instead of elaborate decoration, your attention naturally moves toward wooded hills, ponds, pavilions and winding paths. UNESCO inscribed Changdeokgung Palace as a World Heritage Site in 1997 and highlighted the harmony between its architecture and surrounding natural landscape. It looks quiet at first, yet once you understand the details, there is much more hidden here than you might expect.
Why does Changdeokgung feel different from other palaces?
Changdeokgung was first completed in 1405 during the reign of King Taejong of the Joseon Dynasty. It began as a secondary palace east of Gyeongbokgung, yet over time it became one of the royal family’s most important residences. After many palaces were destroyed during the Japanese invasions of the late sixteenth century, Changdeokgung was among the first major royal compounds to be restored. For roughly 250 years afterward, it played a central role in royal government and daily court life.
As you walk from Donhwamun Gate toward Geumcheongyo Bridge, one thing becomes clear quite quickly. The buildings are not arranged in one perfectly straight line. Instead of flattening the hills and valleys, the palace architecture seems to fit itself between them. The view changes every few steps, and that difference becomes more noticeable the longer you walk.
Many travelers imagine a royal palace as a huge courtyard dominated by strict symmetry. Changdeokgung certainly has formal spaces such as Injeongjeon Hall, where royal authority was clearly displayed. The surrounding areas, though, do not follow the same rigid geometry everywhere. The changing orientation of the buildings makes the palace feel much more three-dimensional.
UNESCO’s World Heritage documentation identifies adaptation to the natural topography as one of Changdeokgung’s defining characteristics. It repeatedly describes the palace buildings and garden as being integrated into the surrounding landscape. The criteria used for its 1997 inscription also recognize its cultural influence, Confucian and geomantic traditions, architecture and garden design. Once you know this, seeing those ideas appear in front of you can be surprisingly moving.
In front of Injeongjeon Hall, the atmosphere feels formal and almost ceremonial. The rank stones and carefully ordered courtyard remind you that this was once a stage for royal government. Walk only a few minutes toward the living quarters and the mood becomes noticeably softer. Have you ever visited one historic site where the atmosphere changes this much within a short walk?
Numbers worth remembering at Changdeokgung
| Item | Number | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| Main palace completed | 1405 | Built during King Taejong’s reign |
| UNESCO inscription | 1997 | Recognized as a World Heritage Site |
| Heritage area | About 57.9 hectares | Includes palace buildings and garden |
| Major royal role | About 250 years | Long period as a central royal palace |
Changdeokgung makes more sense when you focus on the relationship between spaces rather than individual buildings. The walk from Injeongjeon toward Huijeongdang and Daejojeon becomes much more interesting when you notice how the buildings respond to the slope. Even if you spend only KRW 3,000 on general admission, you can easily spend hours inside a historic royal environment in central Seoul. It feels like a waste to rush through only for a few photos.
The palace buildings are wooden structures, so they have always been vulnerable to fire and damage. UNESCO documentation notes that parts of Changdeokgung were destroyed and rebuilt several times. What makes the site valuable is not simply the survival of old buildings. The lasting relationship between architecture and terrain is equally important.
Try looking behind you once or twice while walking through the palace. Rooflines and hills that were hidden when you entered often appear from a completely different angle. In fact, some of Changdeokgung’s most memorable views come from diagonal rather than frontal perspectives. It rewards people who slow down.
For a first visit, allowing at least 60 minutes for the main palace area feels much more comfortable. If you are adding the Royal Garden, you will need considerably more time. Trying to finish the entire palace in one hour may leave you remembering mostly the walking rather than the place itself. A schedule that is too tight can become surprisingly exhausting.
It helps to think of Changdeokgung not as one palace but as a sequence of spaces with different personalities. Ceremonial halls, royal living quarters, wooded slopes and ponds each move at a different pace. Even if architecture is not normally your interest, simply noticing how the atmosphere changes can make the visit much more rewarding. For a first-time visitor, this is one of the easiest ways to enjoy the palace.
Check the opening hours before visiting Changdeokgung
Seasonal schedules can affect your entire itinerary.
Check Current Palace Opening Hours
Opening and last-entry times may change depending on the season and closure dates.
View Official Opening HoursWhy is the Royal Garden called the Secret Garden?
The Royal Garden spreads across the wooded hills behind Changdeokgung Palace. During the Joseon Dynasty, it served as a private space where kings and members of the royal family could rest, study, hold gatherings and occasionally conduct official activities. Many foreign visitors know it by the name Secret Garden, while in Korea the official term commonly used today is Changdeokgung Huwon, meaning the rear or royal garden. The name is interesting, yet the way the landscape was designed is even more important.
This is very different from a formal European garden built around repeated geometric patterns. Existing forests and valleys were largely preserved, while ponds, pavilions and pathways were added where they suited the landscape. At times, it is difficult to tell where untouched nature ends and human design begins. That subtle boundary is one of the most striking parts of the garden.
UNESCO’s description of Changdeokgung refers to tens of thousands of trees and a wide variety of plant species within the garden landscape. Walnut, zelkova, maple, ginkgo and pine trees are among the species associated with the site. The pavilions are not the only main characters here. The forest itself functions almost like another part of the architecture.
Once you pass into the Royal Garden, your walking speed often changes naturally. The paths curve and rise, so the next view is rarely revealed all at once. A pond or pavilion may suddenly appear only after you round a bend. Have you ever been in a garden where walking itself feels like part of the design?
💡 Do not rush from landmark to landmark inside the Royal Garden. If you pause where the path bends, the relationship between the pavilions, trees and water changes dramatically. The same pond can feel completely different from only a few meters away. It is worth looking with your eyes before reaching for your camera.
The Royal Garden was not used only for peaceful royal relaxation. Certain areas were associated with scholarly discussions, royal learning and official events involving the king and his court. Rest, politics and education sometimes occupied the same landscape. Calling it only a beautiful walking garden leaves out much of its history.
The beauty of the garden does not depend on one spectacular monument. The mood changes as you pass each pond, hill and pavilion. With a garden admission fee of about KRW 5,000, visitors can spend roughly 70 minutes experiencing a sequence of royal landscapes. In practice, getting a suitable reservation time is often more difficult than deciding whether the ticket is worth the price.
The Royal Garden is not an area where visitors can simply enter freely whenever they wish. According to official palace visitor information, access is managed through scheduled sessions with limited capacity. Korean-language sessions have been listed with a capacity of 100 people, divided between 50 online reservations and 50 same-day tickets. During busy seasons, those numbers can feel very small.
Official palace guidance also warns that tickets may sell out quickly during popular spring and autumn periods. April to May and October to November are especially competitive because of fresh greenery, blossoms and fall foliage. Relying only on same-day tickets during autumn can be risky. Missing your slot can disrupt a large part of your Seoul itinerary.
It is easier to plan the Royal Garden as a fixed-time activity rather than treating it like ordinary palace sightseeing. Because your entry time is scheduled, a delayed meal or another attraction can easily make you feel rushed. A better strategy is to secure the garden time first and arrange the rest of the day around it. This works especially well for foreign visitors combining Changdeokgung with Bukchon or other nearby attractions.
The Secret Garden feels mysterious for reasons beyond restricted access. The forest divides your view and the paths reveal each scene gradually. You never see the entire garden at once, so the landscape keeps giving you small discoveries. That is why the garden feels quiet without ever feeling empty.
The Secret Garden is not a walk-in attraction
Check ticket rules and available sessions before you arrive.
Check Palace and Garden Ticket Prices
Admission conditions, free-entry categories and combined ticket options may differ.
View Official Admission InformationHow should you see Buyongji Pond and Juhamnu Pavilion?
If you ask which scene best represents the Royal Garden, Buyongji Pond is difficult to leave out. The rectangular pond, nearby pavilion and Juhamnu Pavilion on the slope above form one connected composition. Looking at only one building means seeing only part of the scene. The pond, architecture and wooded background make much more sense together.
Around Buyongji, try stepping back and looking slightly upward rather than standing directly beside the water. The pond surface, pavilion roofs and forested hill begin to form different visual layers. On calm days, reflections in the water add even more depth. Seeing it in person can be surprisingly beautiful.
Juhamnu Pavilion sits higher on the slope and creates a strong visual relationship with the lower garden. The area is also closely connected with Gyujanggak, the royal library and scholarly institution established under King Jeongjo. The idea of placing an intellectual space inside a beautiful garden feels very characteristic of Changdeokgung. Royal relaxation and royal scholarship were not always separated.
You do not need to stay in one spot for a long time to photograph Buyongji. Moving only a few meters left or right can change how the pavilion overlaps with the trees. One straight-on photograph rarely captures the full atmosphere. Walking slowly around the edge usually makes the area much more interesting.
Looking at the space through the pond also makes traditional Korean garden design easier to understand. Buildings are often placed so that they appear partly embedded in the surrounding landscape rather than dominating it. A pavilion is completed visually by the forest and water around it. Remove the landscape and much of its meaning disappears.
Royal Garden visitor numbers to remember
| Item | 2026 Guidance | What to know |
|---|---|---|
| Royal Garden admission | KRW 5,000 | Separate from general palace admission |
| Capacity per session | 100 people | Based on listed Korean-language sessions |
| Online tickets | 50 people | First-come, first-served |
| Same-day tickets | 50 people | May sell out early |
As you continue toward Yeongyeongdang, the architectural mood changes again. The buildings feel more like a refined residential compound than the grand ceremonial halls near the palace entrance. Their more restrained appearance makes the Royal Garden feel surprisingly varied. At moments it almost feels as if the setting of a historical drama has changed around you.
Ponds and pavilions continue to shape the experience around areas such as Aeryeonji and Gwallamji. Narrow openings and carefully controlled sightlines often matter more than sheer size. Instead of walking directly toward a pavilion, try viewing the whole setting from a short distance first. Seeing it again up close gives you two completely different impressions.
💡 Rather than setting aside a long photography break, take photos naturally as you move through the garden. Spending even 10 extra minutes at three different stops adds 30 minutes to your schedule. Because garden visits often follow a managed route, it is better to balance photography with the pace of the session. That way you can enjoy the explanations and still keep good memories.
You do not need to memorize the name of every pavilion to remember the Royal Garden well. Paying attention to the relationship between ponds, hills and buildings often stays with you much longer. If you focus too much on names, you may miss the forest itself. Have you ever done that while visiting a historic attraction?
At KRW 5,000, it can be tempting to think of the Royal Garden as simply one famous attraction inside the palace. In reality, the experience includes multiple ponds, pavilions, wooded paths and residential spaces. The mood changes constantly between Buyongji and Yeongyeongdang, which keeps the walk from feeling repetitive. That variety is one reason the garden feels so satisfying.
Do not rush away after seeing Buyongji. Continue watching how the paths, slopes and hidden buildings connect behind it. The Royal Garden was designed less around one dramatic view and more around the transition from one scene to another. A pavilion suddenly appearing where nothing was visible moments earlier is part of the experience.
Buyongji is only one part of the Royal Garden
Check the current official garden route before your visit.
Check Current Visitor Notices
Restoration work or special events can affect the accessible route.
Visit the Official Palace WebsiteWhy is its nature-friendly design so special?
Changdeokgung’s Royal Garden is internationally recognized for much more than attractive pavilions. One of its defining ideas is that the existing hills, valleys and vegetation were preserved as much as possible. UNESCO’s 1997 World Heritage inscription emphasized the palace’s adaptation to natural terrain and its harmony with the surrounding environment. The reason it became a World Heritage Site is visible throughout the landscape.
Creating a perfectly straight monumental axis often requires cutting or filling the land. Changdeokgung takes a different approach. The direction and elevation of buildings frequently adjust to the existing topography, so the whole palace is never revealed in a single view. That fragmented experience is part of why the space remains memorable.
UNESCO describes Changdeokgung as an outstanding example of East Asian palace architecture and garden design. The site also reflects principles associated with geomancy and Confucian spatial order. Calling it merely an eco-friendly palace would oversimplify a place shaped by philosophy, royal function and landscape design at the same time. Once you understand those layers, the garden becomes even more impressive.
The palace halls reveal the formal world of government and royal life, while the garden shows how nature was used for rest, learning and court activities. They may feel like separate environments, yet they belonged to the same royal daily life. Seeing only the palace halls removes one part of that story. Seeing only the garden removes much of the political and historical context.
To me, the strongest quality of Changdeokgung is not how much was built but how much of the landscape was allowed to remain. The wooded slopes and natural contours prevent the architecture from overwhelming its surroundings. That may be why such a large palace complex can still feel intimate in certain areas. It is a rare balance.
Why UNESCO values Changdeokgung
| Criterion | Main meaning | What visitors can notice |
|---|---|---|
| Criterion II | Influence on architecture and garden culture | Relationship between palace and garden |
| Criterion III | Geomantic and Confucian traditions | Building arrangement and terrain |
| Criterion IV | Outstanding East Asian palace and garden example | Royal Garden and natural vegetation |
| Year inscribed | 1997 | The palace as one integrated cultural landscape |
Large trees often capture your attention before the buildings do inside the Royal Garden. Some pavilions appear only partly through branches and foliage. It is fascinating that royal architecture does not always dominate the scene. That balance is close to the heart of Changdeokgung’s identity.
The idea of tens of thousands of trees can feel abstract when you read it as a number. In the garden itself, the forest works almost like a giant architectural material that shapes space, shade and visibility. Because foliage changes with the seasons, the same pavilion can look completely different at different times of year. That gives visitors a genuine reason to come back.
The phrase “seeing nature at a palace” may sound ordinary at first. At Changdeokgung, nature does much more than decorate the background. It affects the paths, views, orientation and placement of the architecture itself. Instead of looking only at one building, try observing the surrounding 100 meters as part of the same composition.
The ponds are not untouched natural features either. Human intervention is clearly present, yet it is designed not to overpower the landscape. Artificial elements and natural scenery sit together without one completely dominating the other. Much of the garden’s quiet beauty comes from that balance.
Changdeokgung is not culturally significant simply because it is old. Its 1997 UNESCO inscription recognizes design principles and the relationship between architecture and the surrounding environment. With roughly KRW 3,000 for the palace and KRW 5,000 for the garden, a standard adult visitor can experience both major sides of the site for around KRW 8,000. Seeing them together changes the entire visit.
Knowing why Changdeokgung is UNESCO-listed changes what you notice
Read the official World Heritage description before your visit.
See Changdeokgung’s UNESCO World Heritage Record
The official page explains its 1997 inscription criteria and landscape value.
View the UNESCO RecordWhere do foreign visitors usually get confused about tickets?
One of the most common mistakes when planning a Changdeokgung visit is assuming that the normal palace ticket automatically gives you free access to the Royal Garden. The garden operates separately with scheduled entry and limited capacity. If you discover that only after arriving, it can disrupt your entire day. This is the detail I would check before planning anything else nearby.
Personal experience When I first planned the route, I treated the palace admission and Royal Garden entry as if they worked the same way. I later realized that the garden required a specific time slot, which immediately conflicted with lunch and another palace visit. Rebuilding an itinerary I had already finished was frustrating and surprisingly stressful. Since then, I always choose the Royal Garden session first and build the rest of the day around it.
Official 2026 palace visitor guidance indicates that Royal Garden online reservations can open six days before the visit date at 10 a.m., with booking available until the day before, subject to availability. Same-day ticket sales have been listed from 9 a.m. at the site. During popular periods, both options can sell out quickly. Assuming that you will simply buy a ticket when you arrive is the risky part.
Korean-language Royal Garden sessions are generally scheduled several times between the morning and late afternoon, with seasonal differences. During colder months, the latest available session may be earlier. Foreign-language sessions are assigned their own specific times. International visitors should check the language schedule rather than choosing only by convenience.
General palace admission vs Royal Garden entry
| Type | How it works | What to watch for |
|---|---|---|
| Main palace | Enter during normal opening hours | Check seasonal last-entry time |
| Royal Garden | Enter at a scheduled time | Do not miss your assigned session |
| Online | Limited advance allocation | Popular sessions can sell out |
| Same-day | Limited on-site allocation | May sell out early in peak season |
For the main palace, summer opening hours are generally longer than in winter, which gives visitors more flexibility for the palace buildings. The Royal Garden still follows its separate session schedule. In other words, there are effectively two different clocks running inside the same attraction. Foreign travelers often find this confusing on their first visit.
Changdeokgung’s regular closing day is Monday according to official visitor information. If a closure date overlaps with a public holiday or substitute holiday, special rules can apply and the next non-holiday may become the closure day instead. If you are visiting around a Korean holiday period, checking only the weekday is not enough. The official notice page is safer.
⚠️ Parts of the Royal Garden can occasionally be closed for safety inspections, restoration or maintenance. Official notices have previously listed modified routes that excluded areas such as Ongnyucheon and used an approximately 70-minute alternative course through areas including Buyongji, Aeryeonji, Gwallamji and Yeongyeongdang. Access conditions can change over time. Always check the latest official notice shortly before your visit.
Missing a KRW 5,000 garden ticket is frustrating less because of the money and more because of the time. Waiting for another available session can push the rest of your itinerary back by one or two hours. That becomes especially inconvenient during cherry blossom, spring greenery or autumn foliage season. Have you ever had one timed ticket throw off an entire travel day?
Foreign visitors should pay particular attention to language-session rules. Official information has listed separate foreign-language times and certain restrictions on Korean visitors joining those sessions unless accompanying foreign guests. If you are traveling with Korean friends, family members or a local guide, check those conditions before booking. Choosing a time is not always as simple as selecting the most convenient hour.
The reservation system looks complicated at first, yet the planning strategy is fairly simple. Choose your Royal Garden time first, then fit palace sightseeing, transportation and meals around it. If you fully schedule Bukchon, Insadong or other nearby attractions before choosing the garden session, there may be no comfortable space left. Reversing that order makes the day much easier.
Before the booking window opens, decide your date, group size and preferred language session. If you start asking your travel companions after popular tickets appear, the best times may disappear. Even 10 minutes of preparation can reduce the chance of missing your preferred session. During peak season, that small step matters.
Plan the Royal Garden before filling the rest of your Seoul itinerary
Check official ticket availability and visitor notices first.
Plan Your Royal Garden Visit
Confirm reservation timing, language sessions and same-day ticket information.
Visit the Official Changdeokgung WebsiteWhich season and route work best for a visit?
If you are choosing purely by scenery, spring and autumn are the most popular seasons for Changdeokgung’s Royal Garden. Official palace information specifically warns that tickets can sell out quickly from April to May and from October to November. Fresh greenery, spring blossoms and fall foliage explain much of that demand. The more beautiful the season, the more carefully you need to plan your reservation.
Summer gives the garden its deepest green color and makes the forest feel especially dense. Longer palace opening hours can also give you more flexibility for seeing the main buildings. The garden includes slopes and extended outdoor walking, so midday heat can become tiring. Water and light, comfortable clothing make a noticeable difference.
Winter has a completely different charm. Once the leaves are gone, hills, rooflines and pavilions that are hidden during other seasons become easier to see. The colors are quieter, yet the structure of the landscape becomes clearer. If you prefer fewer crowds and a calmer atmosphere, winter can be an excellent choice.
For a first visit, entering through Donhwamun, seeing the main palace halls and then continuing into the Royal Garden is an easy route to understand. You move from official state spaces through royal living quarters and eventually into the wooded garden. The character of the palace changes step by step. Experiencing the garden after the palace gives the landscape much more historical context.
If your Royal Garden session is in the morning, do not spend too long in the palace halls beforehand. See the most important buildings first, enter the garden on time, and return to any remaining palace areas afterward if the layout allows. The activity with a fixed entry time should control your schedule. Running toward the garden entrance ten minutes before your session is not a fun way to experience a royal palace.
Lighting also changes the experience for travelers who care about photography. Heavy foliage means plenty of shade even in bright weather, while reflections around ponds can become strong under direct sunlight. On cloudy days, colors often look softer and architectural details can be easier to see. Changdeokgung does not need perfect blue skies to be beautiful.
With roughly KRW 3,000 for general palace admission and KRW 5,000 for the Royal Garden, a standard adult visitor can experience the core areas for around KRW 8,000. That gives you both a royal palace and a historic forest garden in the middle of Seoul. Spending three relaxed hours here often feels much better than trying to compress everything into two. A little empty space in the itinerary helps.
Bukchon Hanok Village, Jongmyo Shrine and Changgyeonggung Palace are all close enough that travelers often try to combine several attractions in one day. The distances may look short on a map, yet sightseeing fatigue builds quickly. Changdeokgung and the Royal Garden already involve a fair amount of walking. How many major historic sites do you really want to fit into one day?
For a first-time foreign visitor, Changdeokgung plus the Royal Garden and one nearby attraction is a comfortable plan. In summer or during autumn foliage season, including a break for food or coffee can make the day much easier. This palace rewards slower sightseeing more than checklist-style travel. The longer you look, the more details appear.
The secret beauty of Changdeokgung’s Royal Garden does not come from overwhelming decoration. It comes from preserving the forest, shaping ponds and paths around the terrain, and allowing the visitor’s movement to become part of the scenery. Connecting the palace’s beginnings in 1405 with its UNESCO recognition in 1997 also makes the significance of the landscape much clearer. Once you know what you are looking at, the experience genuinely changes.
Choose your Royal Garden time before choosing the perfect season
Check current operating information immediately before your visit.
Check Official Information Before You Go
Closures, restoration work and special events may change the accessible areas.
Check the Official Royal Palaces WebsiteFrequently Asked Questions
Q1. Can I enter the Royal Garden with only a regular Changdeokgung ticket?
A1. No, the Royal Garden is operated separately from general palace admission. Visitors need access for a designated garden session with limited capacity. The palace entrance fee and Royal Garden fee are also treated separately.
Q2. How much is general admission to Changdeokgung Palace?
A2. Based on official 2026 visitor information, standard adult admission to the main palace area is KRW 3,000. Free admission or reduced conditions may apply depending on age, nationality or other eligibility rules. Check the official site before your visit.
Q3. How much does the Royal Garden cost?
A3. Official visitor information lists Royal Garden admission at KRW 5,000. The garden operates separately from the main palace and usually requires a scheduled session. Special programs may have different prices or conditions.
Q4. How long does the Royal Garden visit take?
A4. Published visitor routes have commonly been around 70 minutes. The exact route and duration can change because of restoration work, seasonal operations or temporarily closed areas. Use the latest official information when planning your day.
Q5. Is Changdeokgung Palace open on Mondays?
A5. Monday is normally the regular closing day for Changdeokgung. If it overlaps with a Korean public holiday or substitute holiday, the closure schedule may change. Travelers visiting around holiday periods should check the official notice page.
Q6. Can I buy Royal Garden tickets on the same day?
A6. Same-day ticket allocations have been available according to official visitor guidance. Korean-language sessions have been listed with 50 online tickets and 50 same-day tickets within a 100-person capacity. Popular spring and autumn sessions can sell out quickly, so advance booking is safer when available.
Q7. What is the best season to visit the Secret Garden?
A7. Spring and autumn are the most popular for fresh greenery, blossoms and fall foliage. Summer offers dense green forest, while winter gives clearer views of the hills and architecture through bare trees. Your ideal season depends on the scenery you prefer and how much reservation competition you want to handle.
Q8. Why is Changdeokgung a UNESCO World Heritage Site?
A8. Changdeokgung was inscribed in 1997 for its outstanding palace architecture, garden design and harmony with natural topography. Its layout also reflects Confucian and geomantic traditions. Visiting the Royal Garden makes these qualities much easier to understand in person.
Q9. Can I visit Buyongji Pond freely without a garden session?
A9. Buyongji is one of the representative areas inside the restricted Royal Garden route. It is not generally treated like the freely accessible main palace courtyards. The exact accessible route can change depending on preservation and maintenance conditions.
Q10. How much time should I allow for Changdeokgung and the Royal Garden?
A10. Allow at least about 2.5 to 3 hours if you want to see both comfortably. The Royal Garden alone can take around 70 minutes, and you still need time for the main palace buildings and walking between areas. Add extra time if you enjoy photography or prefer a slower pace.
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